Class+notes+IV

__Pure substance__- either a single element or a single compound

__Mixture__ – two or more elements or compounds that are mixed together, but not chemically combined

__Homogeneous mixture__ – a mixture that is uniform throughout (smooth)

__Heterogeneous mixture__ – A mixture of physically distinct substances with different properties (not smooth)

__Soluble__ – Capable of being dissolved

__Insoluble__ – Not able to dissolve

__Dissolve__ – the process that takes place when a solvent is mixed with a solute to form a solution.

__Solute__ – the substance that dissolves in the solvent. Can be a solid, liquid or a gas.

__Solvent__ – the substance in a solution that dissolves the solute

__Saturated solution__ – A solution that will not dissolve any more solute

Ways to separate mixtures:

Boiling /evaporation Mechanical / physical Filtration Paper chromatography Density column Floating / sinking Magnetism

Big ideas from lesson 17
1. These markers are water-soluble! 2. Marker Ink is a mixture of pigments/dyes! 3. Paper chromatography separates pigments/ dyes! 4. Different dyes have different sizes and solubility – this is how they are separated

__Top__: most soluble and/or smallest molecules __Bottom__: least soluble and/or largest molecules

5. Not all markers use same dyes. For example, the orange dye in black and brown marker dropped out of solution at a different spot.

__Alloy__ - A solid solution of metals. Mixtures containing at least one metal

Examples: Bronze, brass, stainless steel, white gold, 14 carat gold

Examples: Stainless steel doesn’t rust, but iron does Melting point: an alloy can have a melting point different that the metals that make it up
 * Alloys can have different properties than the metals that make them up!

Acid - contain hydrogen and can dissolve in water to release Hydrogen ions (H+ ) into the solution.

Base - dissolve in water to release hydroxide ions (OH-) into the solution


 * || **[H** **+** **]** || **pH** || **Example** ||
 * Acids || **More** || 0 || HCl (Hydrochloric acid) ||
 * ^  ||   || 1 || Stomach acid ||
 * ^  ||   || 2 || Lemon juice ||
 * ^  ||   || 3 || Vinegar ||
 * ^  ||   || 4 || Soda ||
 * ^  ||   || 5 || Rainwater ||
 * ^  ||   || 6 || Milk ||
 * Neutral ||  || 7 || Pure water ||
 * Bases ||  || 8 || Egg whites ||
 * ^  ||   || 9 || Baking soda ||
 * ^  ||   || 10 || Tums ®  antacid ||
 * ^  ||   || 11 || Ammonia ||
 * ^  || **Less** || 12 || Bleach ||
 * ^  ||   || 13 || Drano ® ||
 * ^  ||   || 14 || NaOH ||